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Learn how to value Japanese power options and assess market risk using Lacima Trader. This step-by-step case study covers forward curves, simulations, option pricing and portfolio analysis.
This white paper covers typical PPA structures (Pay‑as‑Produced, Fixed Volume Delivery, Pay‑as‑Consumed), how to conduct pre‑trade modelling using intraday price shapes and renewable output simulations, and post‑trade risk management via hedging strategies ranging from baseload to off‑peak hedges.
The analytical challenges of operating in the LNG market are complex. There are potentially very large risks and rewards to companies operating in this space, and ‘getting the numbers right’ is often critical to the success and viability of these businesses.
In this latest paper in our Business Briefing Series, we tackle the age old debate about whether an organisation should use their existing resources to "do it themselves". Lacima weighs in with some observations on five of the key myths and their realities.
If the focus of senior management is on current and forecasted gross margins, revenues, earnings, cashflow, or profits, then these should form the basis of the "at risk" measure rather than the more short-term, market value based, Value-at-Risk (VaR) metric. Adopting a cashflow based "at risk" measure will give greater insight into the business operations, enhance profitability and give insight into the effectiveness of hedging programs.
Despite its many limitations, Value-at-Risk is still the most commonly used risk profile measuring tool in the energy industry. This business briefing paper discusses why the energy industry’s love affair with VaR could be dangerous. Subsequent business briefings will look at the alternatives.
Energy organisations are increasingly challenged to establish rigorous and disciplined processes to identify, measure and report risks and to ensure that they are utilising relevant market and credit risks metrics. This business briefing discusses why most people find that the majority of ETRM systems alone are not sufficient to address the comprehensive risk and valuation needs of an energy organisation, the obstacles faced in attempting to overcome these deficiencies internally, and proposes alternative approaches for consideration.
Increased liquidity and competition in European gas markets has resulted in the ability to take advantage of the flexibility and constraints in long term agreements. With optimisation techniques improving, it is becoming easier to maximise the value derived from these agreements. In this paper, Lacima discusses the importance of accurately valuing the complex terms in a gas swing contract to achieve maximum value, and how this impacts the whole portfolio and hedging decisions.
Learn how to treat generation assets as real options, evaluate different valuation methods, measure the risk of portfolios with physical assets and financial hedge contracts, incorporate optimal dispatch strategies and more.
How can I take advantage of energy market uncertainties? How does risk quantification create value for my company? Learn about the range of risk factors to consider and the methods of quantification.
Lacima ranks #1 in Energy Risk Software Rankings 2022. Changing energy market dynamics pose higher risks but also huge opportunities for risk managers that move swiftly but it really comes back to sticking to the basics. What people need is fast, accurate and reliable analytics, and this is something Lacima can give them.
Learn about different ways to value the flexibility of generation assets as real options whilst taking into account the constraints in operating the plant.
We describe a spot trading strategy which maximises the total expected cash flow from the storage facility using a trinomial tree based optimisation model.
We describe a storage valuation method known as the rolling intrinsic strategy, which extends the intrinsic strategy by allowing for regular re-optimisation and rebalancing of the portfolio.
We provide an illustration of how the four most common valuation methodologies are used in practice with practical examples illustrating their implementation.
In this article we calibrate the tree to the market prices of fixed strike Asian options and then show how to price floating strike Asian options as our example of an alternative derivative.
We describe the use of the multi-factor multi-commodity model in determining the optimal location for shipping a cargo, specifically the delivery of LNG.
We discuss a general multi factor multi commodity model and the process for estimating parameters from historical data.
In this article, we discuss risks & hedging techniques for swing contacts with take-or-pay, make-up & carry-forward features
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